Zeyad Taha Hussein

College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Tikrit. Iraq

Received: Aug 26, 2023/ Revised: Sept 22, 2023/Accepted: Sept 23, 2023

(✉) Corresponding Author: zeyad81@tu.edu.iq

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is a common disease in worldwide. It is considered one of the common grounds between Humans and animals (zoonosis), which is caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite Between (30-60%) of the world’s population, the most important cause of infection with the parasite is eating uncooked meat And unwashed vegetables that are contaminated as well by touching the feces of infected cats, as most of the infected people are With this type without symptoms or they do not show obvious symptoms, early pregnancies are severe, accompanied by infection leading to spontaneous abortion, hydrocephalus, and mental retardation, while transmission rates are high Highest During the third trimester, a third of all cases of ocular toxoplasmosis occur before birth It is possible that it occurs after birth, and that this disease is congenital, possessing a parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a characteristic that distinguishes it from other opportunistic parasites, as it parasitizes on many types of hosts. This makes it spread widely) and attack various organs, but mainly it attacks the nervous system Central and Reticuloendothelial System, For over 60 years. Pyrimethamine has been combined with Sulfadiazine, a classic drug, which has a synergistic effect on different steps in the synthesis of DNA in the toxoplasmosis parasite. The study was conducted from April 2022 to March 2023, where 160 creative women were collected from the new arrivals women between the ages of (20 and 40 years) and admissions to primary health care centers in government projects or referrals to private laboratories in Iraq, After it was determined that 25% of pregnant women infected with pathogens, while 75% of pregnant women were healthy from this parasite, and the percentage of parasite infection in the age group 20-30 years was 25%, while the percentage was 75% in age group was 30-40, the percentage of women infected with toxoplasmosis by place of residence was 37.5 in urban while  62.5 in village. The percentage of women infected with toxoplasmosis who keep cats and pets is 70% while 30% are without animals. The results of the current study showed that there were significant differences in the results of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone between women infected with Toxoplasma gondii and women in the control group.

Keywords:  Toxoplasma gondii, LH, FSH, Pregnant Women.

References

Almeria, S., Murata, F. H., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C., Shipley, A., & Dubey, J. P. (2021). Epidemiological and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild rabbits and hares: 2010–2020. Microorganisms9(3), 597.

Arshad, M. (2018). Correlation between Toxoplasmosis and some Endocrine Parameters for the Assessment of Immunopathogenic Mechanisms of Human Population (Doctoral dissertation, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore.).

Bottari, N. B., Pillat, M. M., Schetinger, M. R., Reichert, K. P., Machado, V., Assmann, C. E., … & Da Silva, A. S. (2019). Resveratrol-mediated reversal of changes in purinergic signaling and immune response induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection of neural progenitor cells. Purinergic signalling15, 77-84.

Clark, M. F., Lister, R. M., & Bar-Joseph, M. (1986). ELISA techniques. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 118, pp. 742-766). Academic Press.

Ding, X., Ge, B., Wang, M., Zhou, H., Sang, R., Yu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates impaired reproductive function caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection in male mice via regulating Nrf2-PI3K/AKT pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules151, 449-458.

Dubey, J. P. (2020). The history and life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. In Toxoplasma gondii (pp. 1-19). Academic Press.

Dubey, J. P., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., & Kwok, O. C. H. (2021). Epidemiologic and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in venison: 2009–2020. The Journal of Parasitology107(2), 309-319.

Fallahi, S., Rostami, A., Shiadeh, M. N., Behniafar, H., & Paktinat, S. (2018). An updated literature review on maternal-fetal and reproductive disorders of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction47(3), 133-140.

Holec-Gąsior, L., & Sołowińska, K. (2022). IgG Avidity Test as a Tool for Discrimination between Recent and Distant Toxoplasma gondii Infection—Current Status of Studies. Antibodies11(3), 52.

Li, M. Y., Kang, Y. H., Sun, W. C., Hao, Z. P., Elsheikha, H. M., & Cong, W. (2022). Terrestrial runoff influences the transport and contamination levels of Toxoplasma gondii in marine organisms. Science of the Total Environment851, 158168.

Liempi, A., Castillo, C., Medina, L., Rojas, M., Maya, J. D., Parraguez, V. H., & Kemmerling, U. (2019). Ex vivo infection of human placental explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii: differential activation of NF kappa B signaling pathways. Acta tropica199, 105153.

López-Yglesias, A. H., Burger, E., Camanzo, E., Martin, A. T., Araujo, A. M., Kwok, S. F., & Yarovinsky, F. (2021). T-bet-dependent ILC1-and NK cell-derived IFN-γ mediates cDC1-dependent host resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS pathogens17(1), e1008299.

Mammari, N., Halabi, M. A., Yaacoub, S., Chlala, H., Dardé, M. L., & Courtioux, B. (2019). Toxoplasma gondii modulates the host cell responses: an overview of apoptosis pathways. BioMed research international2019.

Marangi, M., Lago, N., Mancinelli, G., Antonio, O. L., Scirocco, T., Sinigaglia, M. & Cilenti, L. (2022). Occurrence of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in the invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Lesina Lagoon (SE Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin176, 113428.

Marín-García, P. J., Planas, N., & Llobat, L. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii in foods: prevalence, control, and safety. Foods11(16), 2542.‏

Marques, C. S., Sousa, S., Castro, A., & da Costa, J. M. C. (2020). Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in fresh vegetables and berry fruits. Parasites & vectors13(1), 1-12.

Matta, S. K., Rinkenberger, N., Dunay, I. R., & Sibley, L. D. (2021). Toxoplasma gondii infection and its implications within the central nervous system. Nature Reviews Microbiology19(7), 467-480.

Nayeri, T., Sarvi, S., Moosazadeh, M., & Daryani, A. (2021). Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and ruminants that had an abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Veterinary parasitology290, 109370.

Nogareda, F., Le Strat, Y., Villena, I., De Valk, H., & Goulet, V. (2014). Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in women in France, 1980–2020: model-based estimation. Epidemiology & Infection142(8), 1661-1670.

Sana, M., Rashid, M., Rashid, I., Akbar, H., Gomez-Marin, J. E., & Dimier-Poisson, I. (2022). Immune response against toxoplasmosis—Some recent updates RH: Toxoplasma gondii immune response. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology36, 03946320221078436.

Shi, X., Qiu, S., Zhuang, W., Wang, C., Zhang, S., Yuan, N. & Qiao, Y. (2018). Follicle-stimulating hormone inhibits cervical cancer via NF-κB pathway. OncoTargets and therapy, 8107-8115.

Stelzer, S., Basso, W., Silván, J. B., Ortega-Mora, L. M., Maksimov, P., Gethmann, J. & Schares, G. (2019). Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact. Food and waterborne parasitology15, e00037.

Zhang, E., Kim, M., Rueda, L., Rochman, C., VanWormer, E., Moore, J., & Shapiro, K. (2022). Association of zoonotic protozoan parasites with microplastics in seawater and implications for human and wildlife health. Scientific reports12(1), 6532.

How to cite this article

Hussein, Z. T. (2023). Evaluation of the effect of Toxoplasma gonodii on some reproductive hormones in females. Science Archives, Vol. 4(3), 240-243. https://doi.org/10.47587/SA.2023.4310

License                      Article Metadata

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[pdf_attachment file="1" name="View Details"]