Alaa Ismail Saood¹, Basim Hashim Abdullah², Emad Yousif Awad AL-Sultan²
¹Department of Diseases and poultry diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
¹Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Received: Oct 12, 2022/ Revised: Nov 10, 2022/ Accepted: Nov 14, 2022
(✉) Corresponding Author: alaa85ismail@gmail.com
Abstract
Sarcocystosis is caused by different Sarcocystis species. It’s a protozoal infection with worldwide distribution in many species of animals. The current study aimed to transfer infection of S.moulei into the mice as well as morphological diagnosis to confirm this aquatic plant and treat the mice experimentally infected by S.moulei. The plants of the family Ruppiaceae are monocotyledons, containing only one genus, which has many species in the world., Plant samples of Ruppia sp. were isolated from one of the salt marshes(swamps) in a province in the area of five miles and were carried out for phenotypic and then molecular diagnosis for confirmation. The whole plant is approximately 30 cm (40-65) cm in length and less than 1 mm (0.9 mm) in stem diameter. The plant is monocious, and the flowers are bisexual and sessile in groups at the base of the leaves; the peduncles are more than 5 cm long and reach 22–23 cm in length, flexuous but not spirally coiled, and bearing 5–11 obliquely ovoid (2-2.5) mm in length. The leaves are distributed alternately across the stem. Experimental transfer of the infection was carried out to laboratory mice, and three concentrations were used to treat the infection (0.106, 0.156, and 0.206) g/kg of extract alkaloid of Ruppia sp., showing the two concentrations (0.156 and 0.206 g/kg) complete efficacy and complete recovery compared to the other groups and other concentrations, as well as the group (infected and treated with albendazole 0.250 g/kg).
Keywords: Sarcocystis moulei, Aquatic plants, Ruppia sp., Mice, Basrah
References
Al-Dallee, Z. T., Khalaf, K. T., Dawood, Y. A., and Ramadhan, U. H. (2022). Phytochemical analysis of Portulaca oleracea L. leaves extract and study the role in protecting genomic human DNA from UV damage. Journal of Basrah Researches, Sciences, 48(1).
Al-Maliki, S. J. (2000). A behavioral and some physiological effect of (apum graveolens) seeds in albino mice. J. Sci. Bas, 18(2), 77-88.
Al-Samaraei, K. W. (1983). The Distribution of Alkaloids and their Manufacturing Importance in Some Wild Species of the Solanaceae in Iraq. Master Degree Thesis. College of the Science/University of Baghdad.
Al-Waeli. A. A., Abdulla, B. H., and AL-Sultan, E. Y. (2015). The Effect of Some Green Algae Extracts Chara vulgaris L. On The Eggs and The Cysticercus of Taenia taeniaeformis Batsch, University of Basrah, 1786, Iraqi Aquaculture Society,129-140.
Barham, M., Stützer, H., Karanis, P., Latif, B. M., and Neiss, W. F. (2005). Seasonal variation in Sarcocystis species infections in goats in northern Iraq. Parasitology, 130(2), 151-156.
Bittencourt, M. V., Meneses, I. D. S., Ribeiro-Andrade, M., de Jesus, R. F., de Araújo, F. R., and Gondim, L. F. P. (2016). Sarcocystis spp. in sheep and goats: frequency of infection and species identification by morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular tests in Bahia, Brazil. Parasitology research, 115(4), 1683-1689.
Bouchereau, A., Guénot, P., and Larher, F. (2000). Analysis of amines in plant materials. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 747(1-2), 49-67.
Castro-Forero, S., Bulla-Castañeda, D., Buitrago, H., Díaz Anaya, A., Madeira de Carvalho, L., and Pulido-Medellin, M. (2020). Sarcocystis spp., a parasite with zoonotic potential. Bulg. J. Vet. Med, 2020, 1-12.
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(4), 564-582.
Dandy, J. E. (1971). Potamogetonaceae in KH Rechinger (ed.) Flora Iranica no. 83. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt Graz.
Dandy, J. E. (1985). Ruppiaceae in CC Townsend & E. Guest. Flora of Iraq, 8, 27-29.
De Rosa, F., and Teggi, A. (1995). Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid disease with albendazole. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 84(5), 467-472.
Dubey, J. P. (2015). Foodborne and waterborne zoonotic sarcocystosis. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 1(1), 2-11.
Dubey, J. P. (2016). Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. CRC press. 28(2), 295-311.
Giusti, E., & Marsili-Libelli, S. (2005). Modelling the interactions between nutrients and the submersed vegetation in the Orbetello Lagoon. Ecological Modelling, 184(1), 141-161.
Harborne, J. B. (1984). Phytochemical Methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall; London; UK.; pp288.
Hussein, A. O.; G. J. Mohammed; M. Y. Hadi and Hameed, I. H. (2016). Phytochemical screening of methanolic dried galls extract of Quercus infectoria using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR). J. Pharmacogn. Phytotherapy. 49- 59.
Kruse, P. F. and Patterson, M. K. (1973). Tissue culture: Methods and Application. Academic press. New york.
Latif, B. M. A., Al-Delemi, J. K., Mohammed, B. S., Al-Bayati, S. M., and Al-Amiry, A. M. (1999). Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in meat-producing animals in Iraq. Veterinary parasitology, 84(1-2), 85-90.
Litchfield, J. J., & Wilcoxon, F. (1949). A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 96(2), 99-113.
Maduka, T. O. D., Ikpa, C. B. C., and Kalu, G. I. (2020). Physicochemical characterization and assessment of bioactive chemical compounds of Persea americana (Avocado) Seed. Nat Ayurvedic Med, 4(1), 000229.
Manilal, A., Sujith, S., Kiran, G. S., Selvin, J., and Panikkar, M. V. N. (2011). Evaluation of seaweed bioactives on common aquatic floral and faunal weeds of shrimp ponds. Thalass. Int. J. Mar. Sci, 27(1), 47-55.
Minuzzi, C. E., Cezar, A. S., Bräunig, P., Portella, L. P., Rodrigues, F. D. S., Sangioni, L. A., and Vogel, F. S. (2019). Occurrence of Sarcocystis gigantea macrocysts and high frequency of S. tenella microcysts in sheep from southern Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 15, 100256.
Mohanad, J. K., Azhar, A. S., & Imad, H. H. (2016). Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy, 8(6), 127-146.
Nara, T., Kamei, Y., Tsubouchi, A., Annoura, T., Hirota, K., Iizumi, K., and Aoki, T. (2005). Inhibitory action of marine algae extracts on the Trypanosoma cruzi dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and on the protozoan growth in mammalian cells. Parasitology International, 54(1), 59-64.
Ruiz, A., and Frenkel, J. K. (1976). Recognition of cyclic transmission of Sarcocystis muris by cats. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 133(4), 409-418.
Saood, A. I., Abdullah, B. H. and AL-Sultan, E. Y. (2022). Isolation and Molecular identification of Sarcocystis moulei from Sheep and Goats (local breed) in Basrah province – Iraq, University of Basrah, Ann. For. Res. 65(1): 1641-1652.
Sugane, K. and Oshima, T. (1982). Eosinophilia, granuloma formation and migratory behaviour of larvae in the congenitally athymic mouse infected with Toxocara canis. Parasite immunology, 4(5), 307-318.
Tabari, M. A., Youssefi, M. R., and Moghadamnia, A. A. (2017). Antitrichomonal activity of Peganum harmala alkaloid extract against trichomoniasis in pigeon (Columba livia domestica). British Poultry Science, 58(3), 236-241.
Tulika, T., and Mala, A. (2015). Pharmaceutical potential of aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia crassipes. Journal of Plant Science, Special Issue: Medicinal Plants, 3, 10-18.
Weideman, V. E., Walne, P. R. and Tainor, F. R. (1984). A new technique for obtaining axenic culture of algae. Can. J. Bot.,42: 58-59.
World Health Organization. (2000). General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine (No. WHO/EDM/TRM/2000.1). World Health Organization.
Zangana, I. K., and Hussein, S. N. (2017). Prevalence of Sarcocystis species (Sarcocystis ovicanis and Sarcocystis capricanis) in tongue muscle of sheep and goats in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, north Iraq. ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University, 5(1), 36-40.
How to cite this article
Saood, A. I., Abdullah, B. H., AL-Sultan, E. Y. A. (2022). Experimental infection of Sarcocystis moulei in mice and treated by using the alkaloid extract of Ruppia sp. in Basrah governorate southern of Iraq. Science Archives, Vol. 3(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.47587/SA.2022.3409
Licence Article Metadata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
