Osagiede L.A, Odita N.G, and Akawo N.O
Federal College of Education Technical Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
Received: June 15, 2023/ Revised: July 7, 2023/Accepted: July 15, 2023
(✉) Corresponding Author: oditannamudi@gmail.com.
Abstract
The rising cases of diet-related diseases such as obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer have stimulated interest in the use of plant-based food as an alternative to synthetic food. G. kola and palm syrup are plant-based food with proven nutritional and health benefits. In the present study, phytochemical and proximate analysis of (Elaies guineensis) syrup, bitter kola Garcinia kola). Preliminary phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and mineral analysis were conducted. The aqueous extracts of palm syrup, cola seeds and their infusion were further subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to determine the phenolic compounds, organic acids and sugar composition of the extracts. Result of preliminary phytochemical screening, mineral composition, as well as phenolic compound and organic acid indicate that Garcinia kola, and palm syrup are nutritionally suitable. Results show that the proximate analysis of oil palm syrup and bitter kola shows high concentrations of crude protein (9.52), ash (4.02), crude fibre (12.23), and fat (15.01) compare to palm syrup (P< 0.05). While palm syrup showed high concentrations of Moisture content (34.50) and Carbohydrates (61.67). while The Oil palm syrup contained saponins, glycoside and flavonoids. While Bitter kola had a wider range of phytochemicals including the above-mentioned alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids.
Keywords: Palm Syrup, Garcinia kola, Elaeis guinensis, Antioxidant, Proximate Analysis, Phenolic Compounds, Phytochemicals.
References
Acuff, G. R., C. Vanderzant, J. W. Savell, D. K. Jones, D. B. Griffin, and J. G. Ehlers. (2017). Effect of acid decontamination of beef subprimal cuts on the microbiological and sensory Characteristics of steaks. Meat Sci. 19:217–226.
Adaramoye, O. A. (2012). Antidiabetic effect of kolaviron, a bioflavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola seeds, in Wistar rats. African Health ScieInces, 12(4): 498-506.
Adaramoye, O. A. and Adeyemi, E. O. (2006). Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a bioflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58(1): 121.
Alakomi, H.-L., Skytta, E., Saarela, M., Mattila, T., Sandholm, K., Latva-Kala, and Helander, I. M. (2010). Lactic acid permeabilizes Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer Membrane. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66:2001–2005.
Ali, H. (2003). An investigation of antimicrobial compounds for immunomodulating and antiadhesion Immunology and infectious disease and research laboratory, Ph.D. thesis 01-186.
Axe, D. D., and Bailey, J. E. (2015). Transport of lactate and acetate through the energized Cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli. Biotechnology and Bioeng, 47:8–19.
Ayepola, O. R., Chegon, N. N., Brooks, N. L. and Oguntibeju, O. O. (2013). Kolaviron, a Garcinia biflavonoid complex ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated hepatic injury in rats via suppression of inflammatory responses. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13: 236.
Berchieri, A., Jr., and Barrow, P. A. (2016). Reduction in the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed. Poult. Sci. 75:339–341
Cherrington, C. A., M. Hinton, G. C. Mead, and I. Chopra. (2011). Organic Acids: Chemistry, Antibacterial Activity and Practical Applications. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 32:87–108.
Denyer, S. P. and Stewart, G. S. A. B. (2018). Mechanisms of action of disinfectants. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, 41:261–268.
Dickson, J. S. (2012). Acetic acid action on beef tissue surfaces contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium. J. Food Sci. 57:297–301.
Dixon, R. C., and Hamilton, P. B. (2011). Effect of feed ingredients on the antifungal activity of Propionic acid. Poult. Sci. 60:2407–2411.
Dorsa, W. J. (2017). New and established carcass decontamination procedures commonly used in the beef-processing industry. J. Food Prot. 60:1146–1151.
Eleyinmi, A. F., Bressler, D. C., Amoo, I. A., Sporns, P., Oshodi, A. A. (2006). Chemical composition of Bitter Cola (Garcinia kola) seed and hulls. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 15(56):395-400.
Farombi, E. O., Akanni, O. O. and Emerole, G. O. (2002). Antioxidant and scavenging activities of flavonoid extract (kolaviron) of Garcinia kola seeds in vitro. Pharm. Biol.; 91:129– 134.
Foster-Powell, K. and Miller, J. B. (1995). International tables of glycemic index. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 62: 871S–890S.
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76: 5–56.
Francisco-Ortega, J. (2013). Zona, S. Sweet sap from palms, a source of beverages, alcohol, vinegar, Syrup and sugar. Vieraea, 41, 91–113.
Frank, M. J. and Beck, H. T. (1990). Apanaye and Guajajara palm use. Advances in Economic Botany, 6: 68-92.
Freese, E., Sheu, C. W. and Galliers, E. (2013). Function of lipophilic acids as antimicrobial food Additives. Nature 241:321–325.
Hardin, M. D., Acuff, L. M., Lucia, J. S., Oman, and Savell, J. W. (2015). Comparison of Methods for decontamination from beef carcass surfaces. J. Food Prot. 58:368–374.
Hinton, M., and A. H. Linton. (2018). Control of Salmonella infections in broiler chickens by the acid treatment of their feed. Vet. Rec. 123:416–421.
Khan, M., and Katamay, M. (2019). Antagonistic effect of fatty acids against Salmonella in meat and bone meal. Appl. Microbiol. 17:402–404.
McHan, F., and Shotts, E. B. (2012). Effect of feeding selected short chain fatty acids on the in vivo attachment of Salmonella typhimurium in chick ceca. Avian Dis. 36:139–142.
Nwangwa, E. K. (2012). Effects of Garcinia kola on the lipid profile of alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 3(2): 39-42.
Okunade, A. L., Elwin-Lewis, M. P. F. and Lewis, W. H. (2004). Phytochemistry; 65: 1017-1032.
Okunji, C. O., Ware, T. A., Hicks, R. P., Iwu, M. M. and Skanchy, D. J (2002). Capillary electrophoresis Determination of biflavanones from Garcinia kola in three traditional African medicinal formulations. Planta Medica 68: 440-444.
Paster, N. (2019). A commercial scale study of the efficiency of propionic acid and calcium Propionate as fungistats in poultry feed. Poult. Sci. 58:572–576.
Ranilla, L. G., Kwon, Y. I., Genovese, M. I., Lajolo, F. M. and Shetty, K. (2008). Antidiabetes and antihypertension potential of commonly consumed carbohydrate sweeteners using in vitro models. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11:337–348.
Rao, R. S. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2002). Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of secondary Metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 20: 101-153.
Russell, J. B. 2012. Another explanation for the toxicity of fermentation acids at low pH: Anion Accumulation versus uncoupling. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 73:363–370.
Salmond, C. V., R. G. Kroll, and I. R. Booth. (2014). The effect of food preservatives on pH Homeostasis in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:2845–2850.
Santosh, M. K., Sharanabasappa, G. K., Shaila, D., Seetharam, Y. N. and Sanjeevarao, I. (2007). Phytochemical studies on Bauhinia racemosa, Bauhinia purpurea Linn. and Hardwickia binate Roxb. E-Journal of Chemistry 4: 21-31.
Sheu, C. W. and Freese, E. (2012). Effects of fatty acids on growth and envelope proteins of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 111:516–524.
Ward, J. W. and Elsea, J. R. (1997). Animal case and use in drug fate and metabolism. In: Edward RG, Jean LH (eds) Methods and techniques, 1st edn., New York: Markel Dekker.
How to cite this article
Osagiede, L. A., Odita, N. G., and Akawo, N. O. (2023). Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) and oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) syrup. Science Archives, Vol. 4(3), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.47587/SA.2023.4301
Licence Article Metadata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
