Aholiab Aoetpah¹,² ✉, Christopher P. Gardiner¹, Bruce Gummow¹,4, Adeline Mialon³ and GlenWalker¹
¹College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 4811, Townsville, Australia
²State Agricultural Polytechnic of Kupang, Kupang 85011, Indonesia
³ISARA-Lyon,69364CEDEX07- Lyon, Rhône-Alpes, France
4University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animals
Received: Mar 10, 2024/ Revised: Apr 11, 2024/Accepted: Apr 13, 2024
(✉) Corresponding Author: aholiab.aoetpah@my.jcu.edu.au
Abstract
This study aimed to determine feed intake, apparent digestibility, and nitrogen retention of crossbred Boer bucks supplemented with urea or cottonseed meal (CSM)when fed tropical Rhodes (Chloris gayana) grass hay (RGH) as a basal diet. Twelve eight-month-old bucks (23.9±1.1 kg live weight) were allocated to one of the four dietary treatments in a randomised block design. The treatments were 1) maize supplement (Control); or maize plus 2) urea supplement (M+U), 3) urea and CSM (M+UCSM); and (4) CSM (M+CSM). All bucks were held in individual metabolism crates for 21 days (11 days of adaptation and 10 days collection period) with ad libitum access to RGH and fresh drinking water in addition to the supplements. A one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to test for differences between means at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results indicated higher feed intake, apparent digestibility of crude protein and digestible nutrient intake in goats supplemented with M+CSM and M+UCSM, but not M+U alone. Supplementation with M+CSM increased nitrogen retention by 300%. Supplementation with M+UCSM and M+CSM increased the total feed intake of Boer goats on tropical grass hay by 13 and 20%, respectively. Supplementation with M+U, M+UCSM, and M+CSM improved the apparent digestibility of crude protein by 9.7, 15.7 and 15.1%, respectively. It can be concluded that total feed intake and nutrient digestibility was increased on growing Boer goats fed RGH as a basal diet supplemented with true protein from CSM or a mixture of true protein and rumen degradable protein from urea.
Keywords: Goats, Tropical Forages, Supplementation, Protein, Digestibility.
References
Al Jassim, R., Hassan, S., Al-Ani, A., & Dana, T. (1991). Effects of undegradable protein supplementation on digestion and nitrogen balance in sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research, 5(1–2), 57–63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(91)90030-t
Alemu, W., Melaku, S., & Tolera, A. (2009). Supplementation of cottonseed, linseed, and noug seed cakes on feed intake, digestibility, body weight, and carcass parameters of Sidama goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42(4), 623–631.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9466-9
Allen, M. S. (1996). Physical constraints on voluntary intake of forages by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 74(12), 3063.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74123063x
Ash, A., & Norton, B. (1987). Studies with the Australian Cashmere Goat. I. Growth and digestion in male and female goats given pelleted diets varying in protein content and energy level. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 38(5), 957.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ar9870957
Bach, A., Calsamiglia, S., & Stern, M. (2005). Nitrogen Metabolism in the Rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, E9–E21.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73133-7
EVITAYANI, WARLY, L., FARIANI, A., ICHINOHE, T., ABDULRAZAK, S. A., HAYASHIDA, M., & FUJIHARA, T. (2005). Nutritive value of selected grasses in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Animal Science Journal, 76(5), 461–468.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00291.x
Foroughi, N., Donnelly, B., Williams, M., Madden, S., Kohn, M., Clarke, S., . . . Hay, P. (2021). Neural Response to High and Low Energy Food Images in Anorexia Nervosa. OBM Neurobiology, 05(03), 1–1.
https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103107
Hall, M., & Eastridge, M. (2014). INVITED REVIEW: Carbohydrate and fat: Considerations for energy and more. The Professional Animal Scientist, 30(2), 140–149.
https://doi.org/10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30101-7
Jobling, M. (2011). National Research Council (NRC): Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. Aquaculture International, 20(3), 601–602.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9480-6
JONES, G. M. (1972). CHEMICAL FACTORS AND THEIR RELATION TO FEED INTAKE REGULATION IN RUMINANTS: A REVIEW. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 52(2), 207–239.
https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas72-026
KONDO, K. (1991). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia. Wind Engineers, JAWE, 1991(46), 43–47.
https://doi.org/10.5359/jawe.1991.43
Lallo, C. (1996). Feed intake and nitrogen utilisation by growing goats fed by-product based diets of different protein and energy levels. Small Ruminant Research, 22(3), 193–204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00890-5
Lodge, G. A. (1967). Animal Nutrition, By P. McDonald, R. A. Edwards and J. F. D. Greenhalgh Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd (1966), pp. 407, 57s. 6d. Experimental Agriculture, 3(2), 135–135.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021918
Lu, C. (1988). Grazing behavior and diet selection of goats. Small Ruminant Research, 1(3), 205–216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(88)90049-1
Lu, C. D., & Potchoiba, M. J. (1990). Feed intake and weight gain of growing goats fed diets of various energy and protein levels. Journal of Animal Science, 68(6), 1751.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.6861751x
Mishra, S., & Rai, S. (1996). Influence of varying RDP:UDP ratios in diets on digestion, nitrogen utilization and milk production efficiency in goats. Small Ruminant Research, 20(1), 39–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(95)00783-0
Moorby, J. (1999). Response in the Yield of Milk Constituents to the Intake of Nutrients by Dairy Cows. AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, Report No. 11. G. Alderman, editor. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB INTERNATIONAL. 1998. pp. 112. £19.95 ISBN 0 85199 284 6. British Journal of Nutrition, 82(1), 77–78.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711459900118x
Morand-Fehr, P. (2005). Recent developments in goat nutrition and application: A review. Small Ruminant Research, 60(1–2), 25–43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.004
Patterson, J., Lambert, B., Muir, J., & Foote, A. (2009). Effects of protein and energy supplementation on growth, forage intake, forage digestion and nitrogen balance in meat goat kids. Animal, 3(8), 1109–1113.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109004558
Sahlu, T., Goetsch, A., Luo, J., Nsahlai, I., Moore, J., Galyean, M., . . . Johnson, Z. (2004). Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them. Small Ruminant Research, 53(3), 191–219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.001
Sarwar, M., Khan, M. A., & Mahr-un-Nisa. (2004). Effect of organic acids or fermentable carbohydrates on digestibility and nitrogen utilisation of urea-treated wheat straw in buffalo bulls. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55(2), 223.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ar03044
Satter, L. D., & Slyter, L. L. (1974). Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition, 32(2), 199–208.
https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19740073
Solomon, M., Melaku, S., & Tolera, A. (2008). Supplementation of cottonseed meal on feed intake, digestibility, live weight and carcass parameters of Sidama goats. Livestock Science, 119(1–3), 137–144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.011
Townshend, A. (1987). Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, 14th edn. Analytica Chimica Acta, 193, 400–401.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86185-1
Uza, D., Barde, R., & Ayoade, J. (2006). The effect of urea treated cassava peels as supplement to West African Dwarf (WAD) goats grazing natural pasture. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 26(1).
https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v26i1.3477
Varga, G. A., & Kolver, E. S. (1997). Microbial and Animal Limitations to Fiber Digestion and Utilization. The Journal of Nutrition, 127(5), 819S-823S.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.5.819s
Wambui, C. C., Abdulrazak, S. A., & Noordin, Q. (2006). Performance of Growing Goats Fed Urea Sprayed Maize Stover and Supplemented with Graded Levels of Tithonia Diversifolia. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 19(7), 992–996.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.992
Wang, S., Wang, W., Tan, Z., Liu, S., He, Z., Zhong, R., . . . Kang, J. (2012). Effects of ruminally degradable dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism in wethers. Small Ruminant Research, 108(1–3), 59–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.07.004
Yinnesu, A., & Nurfeta, A. (2011). Effects of supplementing Erythrina brucei leaf as a substitute for cotton seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Sidama goats fed basal diet of natural grass hay. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 445–451.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9916-z
How to cite this article
Aoetpah, A., Gardiner, C. P., Gummow, B., Mialon, A. and Walker, G. (2024). Supplementation of crossbred Boer goats with cottonseed meal and/or urea enhances estimated metabolizable protein intake, crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention. Science Archives, Vol. 5(2), 14-21.
https://doi.org/10.47587/SA.2024.5201
Licence Article Metadata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
