Mostafa Ali Abdulrahman
, Harith Ahmed Mustafa, Mohammed Ahmed MustafaMarwan Q AL-Samarraie, Marwa T. Ahmed
1,2-Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Samarra, Iraq
3,4-Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Applied Sciences, University of Samarra, Iraq
4-Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Technology, University of Imam Jafar Al-Sadiq Dujail
5-Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Tikrit, Iraq
marwan.walady@uosamarra.edu.iq, mohammed.alsad3@gmail.com
Article History: Received: Nov 18, 2020 / Revised: Dec 20, 2020/ Accepted: Dec 25, 2020
Abstract
The period of optimal fertility extends until the age of 30 yr and decreases gradually thereafter. The decrease in fertility is probably may be due to the decline of the number of primordial follicles after birth; by the age of 37-38 yr, the follicle ratio is significantly minimized as is the quality and quantity of oocytes. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), or Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, is also known as one of the most important markers of ovarian reserve. The antral follicle count (AFC) is the number of antral follicles, generally in both ovaries taken together if not else specified. It can be determined by transvaginal ultrasonography. A low AFC is a major factor in the diagnosis of poor ovarian reserve, that is, low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries, usually accompanied by high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Several studies show that an AFC test is more accurate than basal FSH testing for older women (< 44 years of age) in predicting IVF outcome. Antral follicle counts by ultrasound are one of the best ovarian reserve tests that we currently have available.
Keywords Fertility, Antral Follicle, Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
How to cite this article
Abdulrahman M.A., Mustafa, H.A., Mustafa, M.A. Q AL-Samarraie, M. & Ahmed, M.T. (2020). The diagnostic value of anti-mullerian hormone in female infertility evaluation. Science Archives,1(3),186-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/SA.2020.1318
Crossref DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/SA.2020.1318
Copyright
This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
References
Alkanaani, M. I., Rajab, E. R., Abdulwahed, A. M. H., Dabos, T., Alshammiri, B., Abdullah, S. N., & AL-Samarraie, M. Q. (2020). Visfatin hormone level and lipid profile in some hyperlipidemia patients in samarra city. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 20 (1), 1191-1193.
Anderson, S. E., Dallal, G. E., and Must, A. (2003). Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart”. Pediatrics.111 (4), 844–50.
Baarends, W. M., Van Helmond, M. J. L., Post, M, et al. (1994). A novel member of the transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor family is specifically expressed in the gonads and in mesenchymal cells adjacent to the Müllerian duct. Development, 120, 189–197.
Bendsen, E., Byskov, A. G., Andersen, C. Y., et al. (2006). Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal ovaries during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum Reprod .21, 30–5.
Boron, W. F., and Boulpeap, E. L., (2005). Medical physiology , update edition a cellular and molecular approach. Elsevier Sanders. PP. 1156-62.
Broer, S.L., Mol, B. W., Hendricks, D, et al. (2008). The role of antimullerian in prediction of outcome after IFV: comparison with antral follicle count. FertilSteril .[march o3,Epub ahead of print].
Bukulmez, O., Arici, A. (2004). Assessment of ovarian reserve. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 16, 231-7.
Campbell, S., and Monga, A. (2000). Gynecology by ten teachers, 17th edition. pp. 84-97.
Catteau-Jonard, S., Pigny, P., Reyss, A. C., et al. (2007). Changes in serum anti-mullerian hormone level during low-dose recombinant follicular-stimulating hormone therapy for anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 92, 4138–4143.
Chen, Y.G., Wang, Q., Lin, SL., et al. (2006). “Activin signaling and its role in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis”. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 231 (5), 534–44.
Clarke, T. R., Hoshiya, Y., Yi, S. E., et al. (2001). Mullerian inhibiting substance signaling uses a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-like pathway mediated by ALK2 and induces Smad6 expression. MolEndocrinol. 15, 946–959.
Dankert, T., Kremer, M., Cohlen, J. et al. (2007). A randomized clinical trial of clomiphene citrate versus low dose recombinant FSH for ovarian hyperstimulation in intrauterine insemination cycles for unexplained and male sub fertility. Hum. Reprod. 22 (1) 792-797.
Demirol, A., and Gurgan, T., (2007). Comparison of different gonadotrophin preparations in intrauterine insemination cycles for the treatment of unexplained infertility: a prospective, randomized study. Hum. Reprod. 22, 97-100.
Durlinger, A. L. L., Gruijters, M. J. G., Kramer, P., et al. (2002). Anti-Mullerian hormone inhibits initiation of primoridial follicle growth in the mouse ovary.Endocrinology 143, 1067-84.
Ervin, E. Jones. (2009). The Female Reproductive System.In : Walter F. Boron, Emile L.Boulpaep. Medical Physiology.2nd .Canada .Saunders press .pp.1146-1170.
Evers, J. L. (2002). Female subfertility. Lancet 360, 151–159.
Faddy, M. J., Gosden, R. G., Gougeon, A., et al (1992). Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod. 7, 1342-6.
Fanchin, R., Schonauer, L. M., Righini, C., et al. (2003). Serum anti-Müllerian hormone is more strongly related to ovarian follicular status than serum inhibin B, estradiol, FSH and LH on day 3. Hum Reprod.18, 323–327.
Fortune, J. (2000). Ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle . Biological events .Hum.Reprod.44, 23- 45.
Fowler, P. A., Sorsa-Leslie, T, Harris, W., et al. (2003). “Ovarian gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF): where are we after 20 years of research?”. Reproduction . 126 (6), 689–99.
Gouédard, L., Chen, Y. G., Thevenet, L., et al. (2000). Engagement of bone morphogenetic protein type IB receptor and Smad1 signaling by anti-Müllerian hormone and its type II receptor. J BiolChem, 275, 27973–27978.
Gougeon, A. (1979). Qualitative changes in medium and large antral follicles in the human ovary during the menstrual cycle. Ann BiolAnimBioch Biophys.19,1464- 8
Greenberg, J.S., Clint, E. B., and Sarah, C. Conklin. (2007). Exploring the dimensions of human sexuality 3rd ed.. Jones & Bartlett Press. pp. 136–137.
Guibourdenche, J., Lucidarme, N., Chevenne, D., et al.(2003). Anti-Müllerian hormone levels in serum from human foetuses and children: pattern and clinical interest. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 211, 55-63.
Guyton, A. C., and Hall, J. E. (2001). Textbook of medical physiology, 9th ed.., V.2. W, B. Sanders company. pp 229- 243.
Hazout, A., Bouchard, P., Seifer, D. B., et al. (2004). Serum antimullerian hormone/mullerian-inhibiting substance appears to a more discriminatory marker of assisted reproductive technology outcome than follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin, or estradiol. FertilSteril. 82, 1323-9.
Hendriks, D. J., Mol, B. W., Bancsi, L. F., et al. (2005). Antral follicle count in the prediction of poor ovarian response and pregnancy after in vitro fertilization: ameta-analysis and comparison with basal follicle-stimulating hormone level. FertilSteril, 83, 291-301.
Hu, L., Gustofson, R. L., Feng, H., et al. (2008). “Converse Regulatory Functions of Estrogen Receptor-α and -β Subtypes Expressed in Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons”.Mol. Endocrinol, 22 (10), 2250–9.
Ingraham, H. A., Hirokawa, Y., Roberts, L. M., et al. (2000). Autocrine and paracrine Mullerian inhibiting substance hormone signaling in reproduction. Recent ProgHorm Res, 55, 53–67.
Itman, C., Mendis, S., Barakat, B., et al. (2006). All in the family: TGF-β family action in testis development. Reproduction. 132, 233–236.
Jamin, S.P, Arango, N.A, Mishina, Y, et al. (2002).Genetic studies of MIS signalling in sexual development. Novartis Found Symp, 244, 157–164.
Josso, N., and Di, Clemente, N. (2003).Transduction pathway of anti-Mu¨llerian hormone, a sex-specific member of the TGF-b family. Trends EndocrinolMetab, 14, 91–97.
Klinkert, Ellen R., et al. (2005). “The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with acceptable pregnancy prospects after in vitro fertilization.” Fertility and Sterility,83(3), 811-814.
KubilayVicdan, and Isik, A. Z. (1999). Low day 3 luteinizing hormone values are predictive of reduced response to ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod.4(3), 863-864.
La Marca, A., De Leo, V., Giulini, S., et al. (2005). Anti-Mullerian hormone in premenopausal women and after spontaneous or surgically induced menopause. J SocGynecolInvestig, 12, 545-548.
Longo, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., et al. (2011). Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition.
LososJonathan, B., RavenPeter, H., Johnson, et al. (2002). Biology.NewYork. McGraw-Hill. pp. 1207–09.
Massagne, J., and Wotton, D. (2006).Transcriptional control by the TGF β1SMAD signalling system. EMBOJ , 19, 1745-54.
McGee, E. A., and Hsueh, A. J. W. (2000). Initial and cyclic recruitment of ovarian follicles. Endocrinol Rev.21, 200-14.
Messinis, I. E., and Templeton, A. A. (1990). The importance of follicle-stimulating hormone increase for folliculogenesis. Hum. Reprod.5,153-6 .
Mustafa, H. A., Majid, H. H., Abdulqader, A. T., Mustafa, M. A., & Salih, A. A. (2019). Study On Some Physiological, Biochemical And Hormonal Parameters of Seminal Fluid Of Infertile Men.Biochem. Cell. Arch.19 (1), 1943-1947.
Mustafa, M.A & AL-Samarraie, M.Q . (2020) .Secondary menopause and its relationship to hormonal levels among women at salah al-din hospital. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine . 7 (09) 96-104.
Mustafa, M.A., AL-Samarraie M.Q., Ahmed M. T. (2020). Molecular techniques of viral diagnosis, Science Archives, 1(3), 98-110.
Navot, D., Begh, P. A., Williams, M. A., et al. (1991). Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age related decline in female fertility.Lancet. 337, 1375-7 .
Pigny, P., Jonard, S., Robert, Y., et al. (2006).Serum anti-mullerian hormone an a surrogate for antral follicle count for definition of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 91, 941-5.
Rajpert-De Meyts, E., et al. (1999). Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone during normal and pathological gonadal development: association with differentiation of Sertoli and granulosa cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 3836–3844.
Ralf, R., Henkel, and Wolf-Bernhard, S. chill. (2003). Sperm preparation for ART.Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1:108.
Randal, D., Robinson. (2007). The normal menstrual cycle. In:RubenAlveroMD and William D, Schlaff MD. Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. 1sted..New York.Mosby press.pp.15-32.
Richard, P., Dickey, Peter, R., and Roman, P. (2010).Insemination technique and insemination complications .In: Richard P. Dickey, Peter R and Roman P. Intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction 1st ed.. NewYork . Cambridge University Press, Pp.109-118.
Richardson, S. J., Senikas, V., and Nelson, J. F. (1987). Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition: evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate exhaustion J Clin Endocrinol Metab.65, 1231–7.
Salmon, A. N., Handyside, A. H., Joyce, I. M., et al. (2004). Oocyte regulation and anti-mullerian hormone expression in granulose cell during ovarian follicle development in mice. Dev Biol. 266,201-8.
Scott, J. R. T., and Hodgen, G. D. (1990). The ovarian follicle life cycle of a pelvic clock. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol .33:551.
Scott, R. T., and Hofman, G. E. (1995). Prognostic assessment of ovarian reserve .Fertil. Steril.63, 1-11.
Shields, F. E. (1950). Artificial insemination as related to female. Fertil. Steril. 1, 271.
Speroff, L., Glass, R. H., and Kase, N. G. (1999).Clinical gynecologic endocrinology. 6th edition. Pp112-21.
Stephen, E., and Chandra, A. (2000). “Use of Infertility Services in the United States: 1995.” Family Planning Perspectives, 32 (3), 132-7.
Strassmann, B. (1996). The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation. Rev. Biol . 71, 181–220
Sulyok, S., Wankell, M., Alzheimer, C, et al. (2004).”Activin: an important regulator of wound repair, fibrosis, and neuroprotection”. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 225 (1-2), 127–32
Templeton, A., Morris, J. K., Parslow, W. (1996). Factorsthat affect outcome of in-vitro fertilization treatment. Lancet. 348, 1402-6.
Van, Rooij, J. A., Broekmans, F. J., te Velde, E. R., et al . (2002).Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels: a novel measure of ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod. 17, 3065-71.
Vermeylen, M., D’Hooghe, T., Debrock, S., et al. (2006). The type of catheter has no impact on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination: a randomized study.Hum. Reprod.21, 2364-2367.
Visser JA, Themmen AP. (2005). AMH and folliculogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 234, 81-6.
Visser, J. A., and Themmen, A. P. (2005). Anti-Müllerian hormone and folliculogenesis.Mol Cell Endocrinol, 234, 81-86.
Visser, J. A., Laven, J. S., Themmen, A. P., et a . (2006). Anti-Müllerian hormone: a new marker for ovarian function. Reproduction, 131, 1–9.
Weschler, and Toni. (2001). Taking Charge of Your Fertility. Harper Collins.New York.2002.pp. 359–361.
William, L., Ledger. (2007). The menstrual cycle. In: D. Keith Edmonds. Dewhurst’s Text Book of Obstetrics&Gynaecology.7thed..UK.Oxford Press.pp.348-354.
Yen, Jaffe, Barbieri. (2009).Reproductive Endocrinology. Neuro endocrine control of the menstrual cycle. 6th ed. edition. W.B. Saunders Company. Pp 139-154.
Yong, E. L., Baird, D. T., Yates, R., et al. (1992).Hormonal regulation of the growth and steroidogenic function of human granulose cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 74, 842-9.
Zorn, J. R., (1995).Maternal risks of medical assistance with procreation. Bull Acad Natl Med .179, 1743-50.
License Article Metadata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 
